农产品电子商务是通过网络平台嫁接各种服务于农村的资源，拓展农村信息服务的一种商业模式。是利用互联网、计算机、多媒体等现代信息技术，在农业的生产加工及配送销售过程中全面导入电子商务系统，在网上完成产品或服务的购买、销售和电子支付等业务的过程。黑龙江是农业大省，是国家重要的商品粮基地，农业商品率极高，因此选择适合的农产品电子商务模式是促进农业产品流通的有效途径。本文通过对于农产品电子商务的概念厘定，分析了黑龙江省农产品电子商务发展的现状、主要的模式以及存在的制阻因素，指出黑龙江目前农产品电子商务基础比较薄弱，可开拓的空间巨大，在此基础上提出了发展黑龙江农产品电子商务的相应的对策。

Agricultural products e-commerce is a business model through the resources of the network platform grafting a variety of services in rural areas, expansion of rural services. Is the use of the Internet, computers, multimedia and other modern information technology in agricultural production and processing and distribution of the sales process, the full import of e-commerce system, complete the online product or service to buy, sell and electronic payment business process. Heilongjiang is a major agricultural province and an important national commodity grain base, high rate of agricultural commodities, select the appropriate e-commerce model of agricultural products is an effective way to promote the circulation of agricultural products. In this paper, the concept of e-commerce of agricultural products is determined, the status of agricultural e-commerce development in Heilongjiang Province, the main mode and the system resistance factor, that the Heilongjiang agricultural e-commerce infrastructure is relatively weak, can open up a huge space, on this basis on the corresponding countermeasures on development of the agricultural products of e-commerce.

近年来，我国越来越重视环境保护和生态系统的发展。绿色债券作为绿色项目的融资工具，发挥好其融资功能对我国经济社会和生态环境的发展有着非常重要的积极作用。信用风险作为绿色债券投资风险中最为关键的风险，研究其成因及防范策略对于保障绿色债券投资者的利益，促进绿色债券健康发展十分必要。由于绿色债券“绿色”的特点，其信用风险的来源除了与普通债券共有的风险来源之外，还包括特有的绿色项目风险和自然环境风险，这应当是信用风险防范的重点。目前我国绿色债券市场还存在信息披露机制不健全、第三方认证标准不统一、环境绩效评价不准确、缺乏合格投资者等问题。针对上述问题，我国必须及时采取措施加以改进，以防止我国绿色债券信用风险的漏洞加大。因此，我国应当构建系统的环境效益评估标准，建立绿色债券风险防范预警机制，同时发债企业和投资者也应当采取必要措施，从国家、发债主体和投资者三个层面防范绿色债券信用风险。
In recent years, China has paid more and more attention to environmental protection and ecosys-tem development. As a financing tool of green projects, green bonds play an important role in the development of China’s economic society and ecological environment. Credit risk is the most critical risk in green bond investment. It is necessary to study its causes and prevention strategies to protect the interests of green bond investors and promote the healthy development of green bond. Due to the “green” characteristics of green bonds, the sources of credit risk include not only the common risk sources with common bonds, but also the unique green project risks and natural en-vironment risks, which should be the focus of credit risk prevention. At present, there are still some problems in China’s green bond market, such as imperfect information disclosure mechanism, inconsistent third-party certification standards, inaccurate environmental performance evaluation and lack of qualified investors. In view of the above problems, China must take timely measures to improve, in order to prevent the loopholes of green bond credit risk increasing. Therefore, China should establish a systematic environmental benefit evaluation standard and establish a green bond risk prevention and early warning mechanism. At the same time, bond issuing enterprises and investors should also take necessary measures to prevent the credit risk of green bonds from the three levels of the state, debt issuing entites and investors.